Hai Ren;Xiangying Wen;Jingping Liao;Xiangci Zheng;Ming Yang;Ju Zhou
Biodiversity Science,2022,No. 04
Background & Aims: Plant resources are the basic component of natural ecosystems and are crucial for sustainable economic and social development. They are also core resources related to national ecological security and biosafety. The conservation of plant diversity mainly includes in situ conservation and ex situ conservation. The establishment of a natural reserve system with national parks as the main body is the main form of in situ conservation. The development of a botanical garden system led by national botanical gardens is mainly for ex situ conservation. The two conservation strategies are indispensable and complementary. They jointly form a relatively complete plant biodiversity conservation system in China. The ex situ conservation of China's plant diversity through the establishment of a national botanical garden system can also facilitate scientific research, garden display, public education, as well as the utilization of plant resources. It is of great significance to further promote the construction of ecological civilization and high-quality economic development. Progress: This paper reviews the functional changes of botanical gardens and the current situation of ex situ conservation in botanical gardens around the world and in China. The botanical garden originated from the cultivation, research and experimental of medicinal plants, and has gone through the development stages of medicinal botanical gardens or university medicinal botanical gardens, tropical (colonial economy) botanical gardens, European classic botanical gardens, municipal botanical gardens and special types of botanical gardens (including agricultural botanical gardens, horticultural botanical gardens, germplasm collection gardens, etc.). At present, ex situ conservation of plant diversity and public education are the main functions of botanical gardens. There are more than 3,700 botanical gardens in the world, growing about 1/3 of the world's higher plants. China has 162 botanical gardens, with about 60% of the country's higher plants conserved. There are over 100 national botanical gardens in 43 countries and regions around the world. Conclusions&Suggestions: This paper discusses the relationship between botanical gardens and plant ex situ conservation. On this basis, we put forward the definition and setting standards of national botanical gardens, and then discusses the significance, challenges, coordinating ex situ conservation and in situ conservation of the national botanical garden system. Finally, suggestions on the establishment goals, management system, spatial layout and certification of China's national botanical garden system are proposed. We hope this paper would provide new insights into future development of the national botanical garden system in China.
Wuhan University Journal(Philosophy & Social,2022,No. 03
LV Qinggang;CHAI Zhen
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2022,No. 04
Fossil energy utilization faces new challenges under carbon peak and carbon neutrality (“dual carbon” for short) targets. In this study, the present status of fossil energy utilization in China is summarized. Based on the situation of energy resources in China, the idea of highly efficient and clean utilization of fossil energy under “dual carbon” constraints is proposed. The technical development suggestions are put forward from three aspects including efficient combustion and conversion of coal, efficient utilization of oil and gas, and waste treatment of the chemical processing of coal. It aims to provide scientific and technological support for the realization of “dual carbon” targets and the construction of a new energy system.
FAN Jie;WANG Hongbing;ZHOU Daojing;MA Ning;LIU Baoyin
Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2022,No. 04
Improving carbon sequestration capacity through ecological construction is one of the important ways to achieve the goal of “carbon neutrality” in China. Based on the analysis of the current situation and trend of ecological carbon sequestration in China, this study summarizes the main challenges in the increment of ecosystem carbon sink in China. This study also surveys the current situation and trend, the significant carbon sequestration capacity of forests, the recovery phase of carbon sequestration capacity of grassland, and the carbon sequestration benefits of major ecological projects. Then, the new challenges of China are analyzed, including the backlog of over-mature forests affecting the carbon sequestration capacity of forests, the limited land area suitable for planting forests and grasses, the less diversified investment mechanism of ecological engineering, the imperfect supporting policies and measures for ecological carbon sequestration, and the increasing demand for forest products. To make the “peak carbon emissions” and “carbon neutrality” goals reached as scheduled, the study points out that it is necessary to optimize the layout of ecological construction and to improve the capacity of ecological carbon sequestration through the optimization of the internal structure of ecosystem and the regional coordination of ecological construction. In terms of the optimization of the internal structure of the ecosystem, several policy suggestions are put forward: restarting orderly renewal and forests logging, enhancing the ecological carbon sequestration capacity of the grassland, and fully implementing the water diversion project on the western line. For example, some related research suggestions are proposed on forest management, including redesigning the forest regeneration route, conducting pilot programs in some forest areas, constructing modern standard system of forest logging, and improving basic facilities of intermediate cuttings. In terms of the land layout optimization of ecological construction, this study suggests that the government should establish an overall plan with differentiated regional carbon neutrality paths, promote the coordination of regional ecological protection and clean energy, accelerate the improvement of ecological environment, and utilize national land space highly efficiently.
